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Definitions in chemistry
Types of chemical reaction
Completing word equations (1)
Word equations – information sheet
1. Metal + acid
2. Metal carbonate + acid
3. Acid + alkali
4. Metal + salt solution
5. Element + element
Word equations –
1. Complete the table (Hint – look for the patterns)
2. Complete the following word equation
Word equations –
1. Complete the table
(Hint – look for the patterns)
Word equations –
1. Complete the table (Hint – look for the patterns)
2. Complete the following word equation
Word equations – displacement reactions
Word equations – synthesis
reactions
1. Complete this summary:
2. Complete the table below: (Hint – look for the patterns)
3. Complete the following word equations:
Completing word equations (2)
I think this is the answer because
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Definitions in chemistry
Definitions
tell us what words mean. Good definitions can be very useful, but sometimes
definitions can be wrong, or just confusing. To be helpful a definition needs
to be correct, and to make sense.
Below are some definitions of important
words in science. Some of the definitions below come from books, and some have
been provided by young people studying science. Read each definition carefully
and decide (a) if you think it is correct, and (b) whether it is a definition
that would help someone learning about science. Try to explain your reasons, if
you can.
1. Element: the following definitions have
been given to the word ‘element’.
a) Element: A substance that is made
of only one kind of atom.
ü Is the definition correct? ü Would
the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think
this because:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b) Element: A substance which cannot
be split up into simpler substances.
ü Is the definition correct? ü Would
the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think
this because:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Compound: the following definitions have
all been given to the word ‘compound’.
a) Compound: Is made of two elements mixed together.
ü Is the definition correct? ü Would
the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think this because:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b) Compound: A substance consisting
of atoms of different elements joined
together.
together.
ü Is the definition correct? ü Would
the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think this because:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
c) Compound: A chemical substance made up of two or more
elements bonded together, so that they cannot be separated by physical means.
üIs the definition correct? ü Would
the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think this because:
d) Compound: A product which has properties different from
those of either of the
component substances and which is formed with an accompanying energy change is
called a compound.
ü Is the definition correct? ü Would
the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think this because:
3. Atom: the following definitions have been
given to the word ‘atom’
a) Atom: The simplest structure in
chemistry. It contains a nucleus with protons and neutrons, and electrons moving around in shells.
ü Is the definition correct? ü Would
the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think this because:
b) Atom: The smallest part of an
element which can exist as a stable entity.
ü Is the definition correct? ü Would
the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think this because:
c) Atom: The building blocks of
life,
ü Is the definition correct? ü Would
the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think this because:
d) Atom: The smallest particle of
an element that still shows the chemical properties of the element.
ü Is the definition correct? ü Would
the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think this because:
e) Atom: The smallest particle of
an element that can take part in a chemical reaction.
ü Is the definition correct? ü Would
the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think this because:
f) Atom: Smallest particle that can
be found. It is made up of protons, neutrons and electrons.
ü Is the definition correct? ü Would
the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think this because:
g) Atom: The smallest particles
that can be obtained by chemical means.
ü Is the definition correct? ü Would the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think this because:
4. Molecule: the following definitions have
been given to the word ‘molecule’
a) Molecule: The smallest particle
of matter which can exist in a free
state
ü Is the definition correct? ü Would the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think this because:
b) Molecule: Something that is
formed by two atoms bonding together.
ü Is the definition correct? üWould the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o I
am not sure o I am not sure
I think this because:
c) Molecule: The smallest portion
of a substance capable of existing independently and retaining the properties of the original substance.
ü Is the definition correct? ü Would
the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think this because:
d) Molecule: Group of two or more
atoms bonded together. A molecule of an element consists of one or more like atoms; a molecule of a compound consists
of two or more different atoms bonded together.
ü Is the definition correct? ü Would
the definition help someone to learn?
o
Yes, it is correct o Yes, it is helpful
o
No, it is wrong o No, it is not helpful
o
I am not sure o I am not sure
I think this because:
Types of chemical reaction
Scientists
classify chemical reactions into different types - such as oxidation and
neutralisation.
This exercise
provides the equations for a number of chemical reactions.
For each reaction
you are given a word equation, and an equation using chemical symbols:
magnesium + steam ® magnesium oxide + hydrogen
Mg(s) + H2O(g) ® MgO(s) + H2(g)
You should try to classify each of the examples
given.
ü type of
reaction
o displacement
o neutralisation
o oxidation
o reduction
o thermal decomposition
o none of the above
For each reaction
tick (ü) the
box, or boxes, that describe the type of reaction. Some of the reactions may be
examples of more than one type of reaction.
Some of the reactions may only occur when energy is
provided (as heat, or as electrical energy), but this is not shown in the
questions.
Tick (ü) ‘none of the
above’ if the reaction does not seem to fit any of the suggestions.
Explain why you have classified the reaction the
way you have.
1. nitrogen
+ hydrogen ® ammonia
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ® 2NH3(g)
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ® 2NH3(g)
ü type of
reaction I made this
classification because:
o displacement __________________________________________________
o neutralisation __________________________________________________
o oxidation __________________________________________________
o reduction __________________________________________________
o thermal decomposition __________________________________________________
o none of the above __________________________________________________
2. sodium
hydroxide + nitric acid ® sodium nitrate + water
NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) ® NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) ® NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
ü type of
reaction I made this
classification because:
o displacement __________________________________________________
o neutralisation __________________________________________________
o oxidation __________________________________________________
o reduction __________________________________________________
o thermal decomposition __________________________________________________
o none of the above __________________________________________________
3. copper
carbonate + sulfuric acid ® copper
sulfate + water + carbon dioxide
CuCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) ® CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
CuCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) ® CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
ü type of
reaction I made this
classification because:
o displacement __________________________________________________
o neutralisation __________________________________________________
o oxidation __________________________________________________
o reduction __________________________________________________
o thermal decomposition __________________________________________________
o none of the above __________________________________________________
4.
sodium + water ® sodium
hydroxide + hydrogen
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) ® 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) ® 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
ü type of
reaction I made this
classification because:
o displacement __________________________________________________
o neutralisation __________________________________________________
o oxidation __________________________________________________
o reduction __________________________________________________
o thermal decomposition __________________________________________________
o none of the above __________________________________________________
5. zinc +
copper sulfate ® zinc
sulfate + copper
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ® ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ® ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
ü type of
reaction I made this
classification because:
o displacement __________________________________________________
o neutralisation __________________________________________________
o oxidation __________________________________________________
o reduction __________________________________________________
o thermal decomposition __________________________________________________
o none of the above __________________________________________________
6. copper
carbonate ® copper
oxide + carbon dioxide
CuCO3(s) ® CuO(s) + CO2(g)
CuCO3(s) ® CuO(s) + CO2(g)
ü type of
reaction I made this
classification because:
o displacement __________________________________________________
o neutralisation __________________________________________________
o oxidation __________________________________________________
o reduction __________________________________________________
o thermal decomposition __________________________________________________
o none of the above __________________________________________________
7. sodium
bromide + chlorine ® sodium
chloride + bromine
2NaBr(aq) + Cl2(aq) ® 2NaCl(aq) + Br2(aq)
2NaBr(aq) + Cl2(aq) ® 2NaCl(aq) + Br2(aq)
ü type of
reaction I made this
classification because:
o displacement __________________________________________________
o neutralisation __________________________________________________
o oxidation __________________________________________________
o reduction __________________________________________________
o thermal decomposition __________________________________________________
o none of the above __________________________________________________
8. copper
oxide + carbon ® copper +
carbon dioxide
2CuO(s) + C(s) ® 2Cu(s) + CO2(g)
2CuO(s) + C(s) ® 2Cu(s) + CO2(g)
ü type of
reaction I made this
classification because:
o displacement __________________________________________________
o neutralisation __________________________________________________
o oxidation __________________________________________________
o reduction __________________________________________________
o thermal decomposition __________________________________________________
o none of the above __________________________________________________
9. methane +
oxygen ® carbon dioxide +
steam
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ® CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ® CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
ü type of
reaction I made this
classification because:
o displacement __________________________________________________
o neutralisation __________________________________________________
o oxidation __________________________________________________
o reduction __________________________________________________
o thermal decomposition __________________________________________________
o none of the above __________________________________________________
10. zinc +
hydrochloric acid ® zinc
chloride + hydrogen
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ® ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ® ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
ü type of
reaction I made this
classification because:
o displacement __________________________________________________
o neutralisation __________________________________________________
o oxidation __________________________________________________
o reduction __________________________________________________
o thermal decomposition __________________________________________________
o none of the above __________________________________________________
11. sodium
chloride ® sodium +
chlorine
2NaCl(l) ® 2Na(l) + Cl2(g)
2NaCl(l) ® 2Na(l) + Cl2(g)
ü type of
reaction I made this
classification because:
o displacement __________________________________________________
o neutralisation __________________________________________________
o oxidation __________________________________________________
o reduction __________________________________________________
o thermal decomposition __________________________________________________
o none of the above __________________________________________________
12. sodium nitrate ® sodium nitrite + oxygen
or
sodium nitrate(V) ® sodium nitrate(III) + oxygen
2NaNO3(s) ® 2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)
or
sodium nitrate(V) ® sodium nitrate(III) + oxygen
2NaNO3(s) ® 2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)
ü type of
reaction I made this
classification because:
o displacement __________________________________________________
o neutralisation __________________________________________________
o oxidation __________________________________________________
o reduction __________________________________________________
o thermal decomposition __________________________________________________
o none of the above __________________________________________________
Completing word equations (1)
Word equations are used to describe chemical
reactions. Look at the word equations below. In each case complete the word
equation by adding the name of the missing substance. (Explain your answers.)
1.
nitric acid + potassium hydroxide
® __________________________________+ water
I think this is the answer because
I think this is the answer because
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2.
zinc + ______________________________ ® zinc nitrate + copper
I think this is the answer because
I think this is the answer because
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________+ zinc carbonate ® zinc sulfate + water + carbon dioxide
I think this is the answer because
I think this is the answer because
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Calcium
+ chlorine ®
________________________
I think this is the answer because
I think this is the answer because
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. magnesium + hydrochloric acid ® ___________________________________ + hydrogen
I think this is the answer because
I think this is the answer because
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Word equations – information sheet
Word equations are a shorthand used to
describe chemical reactions.
Although there are many millions of
possible chemical reactions you are not expected to know about them all.
It is useful to remember that many
reactions are of similar types.
1. Metal + acid
One type of reaction is that between a
metal and an acid. When a metal reacts with an acid the reaction produces a
salt, and hydrogen gas is released. The salt produced depends upon the metal
and the acid. If magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid, then the salt produced is magnesium chloride.
metal
+ acid ® salt + hydrogen
2. Metal carbonate + acid
Metal carbonates also react with acid, to
give a salt. When a carbonate reacts with acid the gas carbon dioxide is given
off. The salt produced depends upon which acid, and which metal carbonate
react. If zinc carbonate reacts with sulfuric acid, then the salt produced is
zinc sulfate.
metal
carbonate + acid ® salt + carbon dioxide + water
3. Acid + alkali
When an alkali and an acid react the
product is a salt solution. The particular salt produced depends upon which
acid and which alkali reacted. When nitric acid reacts with potassium hydroxide
the salt produced is potassium nitrate.
acid
+ alkali ® salt + water
4. Metal + salt solution
When a reactive metal is placed in the
solution of a salt of a less reactive metal, a ‘displacement’ reaction occurs.
The more reactive metal is said to displace the less reactive metal from
solution. For example zinc is added to copper nitrate solution the copper is
displaced and the solution will contain zinc nitrate.
5. Element + element
When two elements react together to form a
compound the compound is given a name to show which elements reacted. So if
calcium reacts with chlorine the compound is called calcium chloride.
These examples show you the patterns that
are found in five important types of reaction. If you look for patterns you
should find it easier to work out how to complete word equations.
In this worksheet you will find some
examples to help you practice thinking about word equations.
Word equations –
the reaction between acids and alkalis
When an acid reacts with an alkali, a salt
and water is produced:
acid
+ alkali ® salt + water
for example
hydrochloric
acid + sodium hydroxide ® sodium chloride + water
The salt that is produced depends upon
which acid and which alkali react. The following table provides a summary of
the name of the salt produced by different reactions between acids and alkalis.
1. Complete the table (Hint – look for the patterns)
Name of acid
|
Name of alkali
|
|
Sodium hydroxide
|
Potassium hydroxide
|
|
Hydrochloric
acid
|
Sodium
chloride
|
|
Nitric
acid
|
Potassium
nitrate
|
|
Sulfuric
acid
|
Sodium
sulfate
|
Potassium
sulfate
|
Salts produced when acids react with
alkalis
2. Complete the following word equation
(acid
+ alkali ® salt +
water)
nitric acid + _________________ ® potassium nitrate +
water
Word equations –
the reaction between acids and metals
When an acid
reacts with metal, a salt and hydrogen are produced:
acid + metal ® salt + hydrogen
for example
nitric acid + calcium ® calcium nitrate + hydrogen
The salt that is
produced depends upon which acid and which metal react. The following table
provides a summary of the name of the salt produced by different reactions
between acids and metals.
1. Complete the table
(Hint – look for the patterns)
Name of metal
|
Name of acid
|
||
Hydrochloric acid
|
Nitric acid
|
Sulfuric acid
|
|
Iron
|
Iron chloride
|
Iron sulfate
|
|
Zinc
|
Zinc chloride
|
Zinc nitrate
|
|
Magnesium
|
Magnesium
sulfate
|
||
2. Complete the following word equation
(acid + metal ® salt + hydrogen)
hydrochloric acid + __________________ ® calcium chloride
+ hydrogen
Word equations –
the reaction between acids and metal carbonates
When an acid
reacts with a metal carbonate, a salt, water and carbon dioxide are produced:
Acid + metal carbonate ® salt + water + carbon dioxide
for example
sulfuric acid + zinc carbonate ® zinc sulfate + water + carbon dioxide
The salt that is produced depends upon which acid
and which metal react. The following table provides a summary of the name of
the salt produced by different reactions between acids and metal carbonates.
1. Complete the table (Hint – look for the patterns)
Name of metal carbonate
|
Name of acid
|
||
Hydrochloric acid
|
Nitric acid
|
Sulfuric acid
|
|
Copper carbonate
|
Copper nitrate
|
||
Zinc carbonate
|
Zinc sulfate
|
||
Iron carbonate
|
Iron chloride
|
||
2. Complete the following word equation
(acid +
metal carbonate ® salt +
water + carbon dioxide )
hydrochloric acid + magnesium carbonate ® _________________ +
water + carbon dioxide
Word equations – displacement reactions
When a reactive
metal is added to a solution containing the salt of a less reactive metal, a
reaction occurs.
See if you can complete the following word
equations (Hint – look for the patterns).
eg magnesium + iron chloride ® magnesium chloride + iron
1. magnesium + iron nitrate ® magnesium nitrate + ___________________
2. magnesium + _______________________ ® magnesium sulfate + zinc
3. _____________ + copper sulfate ® magnesium sulfate + ____________
4. zinc + ____________________________ ® zinc sulfate + copper
5. zinc + iron chloride ® __________________ +
____________________
6. zinc + _______________________ ® zinc sulfate + iron
7. __________________ + __________________ ® zinc nitrate + copper
8. iron + copper sulfate ® iron sulfate +
__________________________
9. iron + copper nitrate ® __________________ +
__________________
Word equations – synthesis
reactions
When a metallic element reacts with a
non-metallic element a compound is produced.
The name of the compound contains the name of
the metal and the altered name of the non-metal.
1. Complete this summary:
When oxygen reacts with a metal, the
compound is called an oxide.
When chlorine reacts with a metal, the
compounds is called a chloride.
When ___________________ reacts with a
metal, the compound is called a sulfide.
When fluorine reacts with a metal, the
compound is called a ___________________.
2. Complete the table below: (Hint – look for the patterns)
Name of metal
|
Name of non-metal
|
|||
Oxygen
|
Sulfur
|
Fluorine
|
Chlorine
|
|
Magnesium
|
Magnesium oxide
|
Magnesium fluoride
|
||
Iron
|
Iron oxide
|
Iron sulfide
|
||
Zinc
|
Zinc chloride
|
|||
Copper
|
Copper
fluoride
|
|||
3. Complete the following word equations:
sodium + iodine ® __________________________________
nickel + sulfur ® ____________________________________
______________________________ + bromine ® calcium bromide
Completing word equations (2)
Word equations are used to describe chemical
reactions. Look at the word equations below. In each case complete the word
equation by adding the name of the missing substance. (Explain your answers.)
1. sulfuric acid + sodium hydroxide ® __________________________________
+ water
I think this is the answer because
I think this is the answer because
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. iron + ______________________________________ ® iron chloride +
copper
I think this is the answer because
I think this is the answer because
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. ___________ acid + magnesium carbonate ® magnesium
chloride + water + carbon dioxide
I think this is the answer because
I think this is the answer because
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. zinc + oxygen ® ____________________________________
I think this is the answer because
I think this is the answer because
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5.
calcium + nitric acid ®
_____________________________________ + hydrogen
I think this is the answer because
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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